Super complaints

7

By 27 March 2025, where required, seek changes to their crime recording systems to enable staff and officers to document and search for crimes not recorded as the principal crime, as included classifications on crime records.

We accept this recommendation. Our initial assessment is that we partially comply. We have made significant investments in training and process improvement and have bolstered our governance arrangements.

Further work is required to improve data collection. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

10

By 27 March 2025, review and update their learning and training provision relating to stalking.

Chief constables should also make sure that their policies and practice are reviewed and updated in accordance with the findings in the super-complaint investigation report.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we comply with most aspects of this recommendation. Our comprehensive training offer meets national learning outcomes, involves victim advocates and includes information on relevant policies and practice. We have more work to do with regards to the College of Policing e-learning packages but from December 2024, completion of these modules will be mandatory for all relevant staff.

11

By 27 March 2025, make sure that appropriate mechanisms are in place to fully understand the scale and types of stalking behaviour within their force and the effectiveness of their response. This should align with the VAWG national delivery framework.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we partially comply. A problem profile has been commissioned and we intend to repeat quality assurance audits previously undertaken in 2021. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

12

By 27 March 2025, take steps to make sure that risk identification, assessment and management is effective in all stalking and breaches of orders cases.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we partially comply. Additional work is required to embed our policies, procedures and risk assessment tools. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

13

By 27 March 2025, take steps to make sure that force strategies, structures and processes are in place so that police consider an SPO in every stalking case, and apply for an SPO where relevant and appropriate to prevent harm and further offending.
To achieve this, chief constables should review, and revise policy, guidance and supporting processes where necessary.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we partially comply. We are working on a new training package for beat managers. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

14

By 27 March 2025, take steps to make sure stalking victims receive the rights they are entitled to under the victim’s code and have access to support services.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we comply with most aspects of this recommendation. We have taken steps to ensure that victim needs assessments are always completed and that victims are made aware of their rights under the victim's code. We have identified additional actions to ensure that victims who would like to receive support are referred in a timely manner. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

16

By 27 March 2025, work together to review commissioning arrangements and make changes as soon as possible to ensure they embed collaborative working and information sharing between policing and services providing victim support to stalking victims.

We accept this recommendation.  We are in the process of establishing a multi-agency governance board. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

17

27 March 2025, make sure the new College of Policing investigations APP content on case allocation is reflected in the relevant policies relating to the allocation of stalking and breach of order cases for investigation.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we partially comply. We have identified further actions to improve our allocation of stalking offences. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

18

By 27 March 2025, take steps to improve the quality of stalking investigations by taking a victim centred, suspect focussed and context led approach.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we comply with most aspects of this recommendation. We have identified further actions are required to improve our quality assurance processes. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

20

By 27 March 2025, take steps to improve how their force effectively recognises and responds to online elements of stalking.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we partially comply. Cyber stalking is included in our training packages and our officers are aware of and have access to the appropriate tools and support services to safeguard victims of cyber stalking. We have identified that further action is required to improve the online guidance that we provide to our officers and staff. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

22

By 27 September 2025, using the information collated by the NPCC lead under recommendation 21, to consider whether and how dedicated stalking officers and staff, or other subject matter experts, can be used to add value and support the force response to stalking.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we fully comply with this recommendation. We have invested in our Harm Reduction Unit (HRU): an integrated, multi-agency risk management service to address stalking in Cheshire.

23

By 27 March 2025, implement a mechanism for early screening of crimes to improve the identification, recording and management of all stalking cases.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we partially comply. All crimes of stalking recorded in the previous 24 hours are assessed by accredited sergeants in the Harm Reduction Unit (HRU). We have identified that further work is required to improve how we flag stalking offences on our systems. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

25

By 27 March 2025, explore opportunities to improve how their force works with partners to contribute to a multi-agency response to stalking.

We accept this recommendation.  Our initial assessment is that we partially comply. The constabulary works in partnership with healthcare, the CPS, probation services and other criminal justice partners to manage stalking perpetrators and address their behaviour. We have identified further actions to ensure that our multi-agency public protection arrangements (MAPPA) are being used to effectively manage stalking offenders. We will provide an update on the timescales for completing this work in due course, but we anticipate that it will be completed ahead of the deadline.

27

By 22 November 2024 (56 days from publication), write to HMICFRS, the IOPC and the College of Policing setting out their response to the recommendations made to them. Chief constables should direct their response to the NPCC which should provide a collective response on behalf of all police forces. PCCs and their mayor equivalents should direct their response to the APCC which should provide a collective response on their behalf.

We comply with this recommendation and have submitted a detailed action plan to the NPCC.

28

By 22 November 2024 (56 days from publication), publish on their force website an action plan which explains what their force will do in response to each of the recommendations made to them and send the NPCC a link to where this action plan can be found.

We comply with this recommendation and have published our response to all recommendations made in the super complaint report.

Recommendation

Initial Constabulary Response

2nd February 2024

Recommendation 1. Chief constables
By 14 June 2024, chief constables should make sure their forces review the content of training on section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 and how they provide it. The review should consider current national police curriculum requirements and the adequacy of force training for:
• officers who may be required to authorise section 60s; and
• officers who may be required to conduct section 60 stop and searches.
The review and any associated actions should be proportionate to each force’s use of section 60.

Our Superintendent lead for stop and search has reviewed our section 60 training provision and will continue to do so on at least an annual basis. We now include a mandatory training input for all new recruits and additional content is delivered to all newly promoted sergeants.

This year the internal review has been supplemented by a peer review undertaken by colleagues in the West Mercia force.

Recommendation 3. Chief constables
By 14 June 2024, chief constables should make sure briefing and debriefing arrangements for their force’s activities under section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 are thorough and in line with Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Code A and authorised professional practice content and guidance. Chief constables must make sure section 60 authorisation briefings are recorded. This may be as a written briefing. But formal verbal section 60 authorisation briefings should be given on audiovisual devices such as body-worn video or approved handheld communication devices. They should be capable of being recorded as part of the policing operation and be subject to scrutiny.
Section 60 briefings to officers who are required to use their stop and search powers should include information on:

• the relevant law and guidance;
• the particular grounds for authorising the use of section 60 stop and search powers;
• all relevant and current information and intelligence;
• the geographical area covered and time limitations authorised;
• all relevant community information (including policing history) and any community impact assessment;
• how any debriefing and force learning will be conducted; and
• the importance of recording all section 60 stop and search encounters on body-worn video in their entirety.

On reviewing this recommendation, we have found that briefings in Cheshire are provided but not all are recorded.

Our Superintendent lead for Stop and Search has made a policy decision on this and from January 2024 we will ensure that all briefings are recorded. We have updated our policy, and the changes will be communicated via weekly orders and updated training packages.

We have also updated our briefing template to ensure that all the bullet points from recommendation 3 are included.

We have reviewed our debriefing arrangements and are satisfied that we already comply with this element of the recommendation. All S60s are fully debriefed, and a record is attached to the Niche occurrence. Debrief actions are incorporated into our Stop and Search continuous improvement plan.

Excerpt from Stop and Search Policy:

Cheshire Constabulary intelligence briefing systems must be regularly refreshed, providing frontline officers with up-to-date intelligence, supporting them in preventing and detecting crime.

Section 60 authorisation briefings must be recorded. This may be as a written briefing. But formal verbal section 60 authorisation briefings should be given on audiovisual devices such as body-worn video or approved handheld communication devices (Briefings can recorded on teams if that is the platform used to brief officers). The briefings should be available for review and scrutiny by attaching the recording to the s60 OEL. This also applies to any formal debriefs relating to S60’s.

Section 60 briefings and debriefs with officers who are required to use their stop and search powers should include information on:

• the relevant law and guidance;
• the particular grounds for authorising the use of section 60 stop and search powers;
• all relevant and current information and intelligence;
• the geographical area covered and time limitations authorised;
• all relevant community information (including policing history) and any community impact assessment;
• how any debriefing and force learning will be conducted; and
• the importance of recording all section 60 stop and search encounters on body-worn video in their entirety

Recommendation 4. Chief constables
By 14 June 2024, chief constables should make sure all officers who may exercise stop and search powers understand, and comply with, their responsibility to safeguard children who are stopped and searched.
In doing so, chief constables should make sure that:

• in line with the national policing curriculum, officers undertaking searches are appropriately trained to take the necessary steps to minimise any emotional harm that may be caused through these encounters;
• their force has processes in place to assist appropriate safeguarding referrals when children are stopped and searched; and
• there is robust checking and assessment of all such searches that takes account of the safety and welfare needs of the child.

Our Superintendent lead for stop and search has reviewed this recommendation, and we are satisfied that we comply.  We have built compliance into our new stop and search app, so officers undertaking stop and search including section 60 encounters are prompted to consider the vulnerability of all subjects, but especially children:

Vulnerability Prompt in App – Does the person stopped have any vulnerabilities that require VPA/safeguarding referral? Yes or No (if so submit VPA).

Where vulnerable children are identified, it is mandatory for officers to complete and submit a vulnerable person assessment (VPA). This. Along with other safeguarding measures have been built into policy.

Our Op Protected ensures that additional safeguarding options are considered when we come into contact with Children who may be at risk of exploitation through so called county lines drug dealing.

Excerpt from Op protected guidance:

When officers stop & search a young person who is not with their parent/guardian or carer, then the officers should make reasonable attempts to notify a parent/guardian or carer as soon as practicable that the CYP has been searched and the reasons for the search and document this in their pocket notebook. This may be by phone or in person. Where it has not been possible to contact a responsible adult, the officer should document what attempts have been made and submit a VPA.  A VPA must be submitted for all searches involving a child, including searches of involving EIP or where force was used to facilitate the search.

In addition to this, any key vulnerability factors identified during the search must be subject of a VPA to ensure the right support is in place for the child; these could be, but not limited to, Neurodiversity issues, risk of CE/CSE, medical or special education needs, physical disability or child in care/subject of child protection plan or where the officer has been unable to secure the attendance of an AA or the AA in uninterested in the search of the child (think of the wider impact on the child in that setting when at home). 

In line with recommendation 1, we will continue to review our training provision and will include this recommendation in our evaluations.

Recommendation 5. Chief constables
By 14 June 2024, chief constables should make sure forces effectively communicate with communities and interested parties on the police use of section 60 stop and search powers. This should include:
• making sure communications reach the communities most likely to be affected by the section 60 authorisation and checking their communication strategies were effective;
• publicising details to inform the public, give reassurance and maximise any deterrent effect; and
• reporting back to communities and interested parties on operational outcomes.

 Our superintendent lead for stop and search has reviewed this recommendation, and we are satisfied that we comply.

Details of section 60 searches are communicated via our social media channels as soon as is practicable. We also publish section 60 debriefs on our force website. We hold community cohesion groups (CCG) – a form of external scrutiny - in all 9 of our local policing areas. We ensure that section 60 debriefs relevant to each local policing area, are included on the agenda for the respective CCG.

We include communication with communities as a standing agenda item in our section 60 debriefs. Compliance failures are documented in the Force continuous improvement plan and in line with recommendation 1, are worked into the training for new inspectors.

Recommendation 7. Chief constables
By 14 June 2024, chief constables should satisfy themselves that their force gives community scrutiny panels (or their equivalents) all relevant information to help them scrutinise police stop and searches and other police actions arising from section 60 authorisations. This should include:
• the grounds and underlying reasons for the authorisations;
• any recordings of briefings;
• written records of searches;
• information about the outcomes of searches; and
• body-worn video footage of entire encounters.
In addition, chief constables should satisfy themselves that their force incorporates feedback from community scrutiny panels (or their equivalents) when evaluating and improving the force’s use of section 60.

 Our Superintendent lead for stop and search has reviewed this recommendation and has concluded that we do not fully comply with this recommendation. As a result, we are reviewing the requirement to include recordings of briefings and BWV footage to our Police Accountability Meeting (PAM).

Example from PAM:

Stop Search Data Report – Section 60

Page 18 (Point 1) Section 60 Volumes

There were 111 Section 60 stop searches in the latest quarter in Congleton (89) & Crewe (22). Searches in Crewe were in Nantwich were conducted on 17/09/23 in relation to Males with Machetes & possible Firearms. Searches in Congleton were in Sandbach and conducted between 22/09/23-24/09/23 in relation to intel of weapons being bought in for a fight.

Page 18 (Point 2) Section 60 Outcomes

In most searches (131, 84.5%), Nothing found- No Further Action was the outcome. Police action was taken in 15.5% of searches (24).

Recommendation 7 has also been remitted to a superintendent lead for external scrutiny, including community cohesion groups who will ensure that the points from this recommendation are incorporated into our legitimacy framework.

Recommendation 8. Chief constables and police and crime commissioners (or equivalents)
By 14 June 2024, chief constables and where applicable police and crime commissioners (or equivalents) should make sure their forces work in partnership with community scrutiny panels (or their equivalents) to:
• review panel membership and vetting arrangements to remove any unnecessary barriers to recruiting panel members;
• promote the recruitment of culturally diverse members, with a particular focus on representing, involving and retaining those from under-represented communities and young people;
promote the representation, involvement and retention of those who have been stopped and searched;
• make sure the force gives community scrutiny panels information on the police use of force, including handcuffing, relevant to the police use of stop and search powers;
• make sure they support and help community scrutiny panels to review section 60 authorisations, searches, community impact assessments and associated complaints;
• give members appropriate training and support to help them effectively carry out their role scrutinising all stop and searches, taking account of the effect the role could have on them; and
• provide the right level of police representation at panel meetings to support and advise as required, and to make sure the panel’s feedback helps to improve both individual officer and organisational learning.

Our superintendent lead for stop and search has reviewed this recommendation and has concluded that we do not comply in full.  

We are working with the University of Chester to set up a youth only stop and search / use of force scrutiny panel involving law students from a range of diverse backgrounds and incorporating a new and improved “ride along” scheme. In light of this report, we have decided to include section 60 stop and search within the remit of the new panel.

This recommendation has also been remitted to a superintendent lead for external scrutiny, including community cohesion groups who will ensure that the points from this recommendation are incorporated into our legitimacy framework.

Recommendation 10. National Police Chiefs’ Council, Association of Police and Crime Commissioners, Home Office and chief constables
Within 56 days of the publication date of this report, forces should publish on their websites an explanation of how they have responded or will respond to the recommendations. Forces should send the National Police Chiefs’ Council links to where this information can be found.

Responses will appear on the Super complaints page on the website.